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| PSTL 1135 | WebAnatomy Resources | Contact Information | U of M Home : College of Education and Human Development |
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Self
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Carbohydrates:
Also
called sugars – used primarily for fuel – we burn them for energy.
Atoms:
C, H, and O
3
major types
1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Examples:
glucose (blood sugar, and also called dextrose), fructose,(fruit sugar), ribose
(as in RNA), deoxyribose (found in DNA), and galactose.
2. Disaccharides (sometimes called double
sugars)
Examples: sucrose (table sugar)
and lactose (milk sugar)
Sucrose
= glucose + fructose
Lactose
= glucose + galactose
3. Polysaccharides (sometimes called complex
carbohydrates)
Examples:
starch and glycogen
Note: Many, but not all,
sugars end with the suffix -ose
(example, sucrose and glucose)
Lipids:
Also
called fats – used for cell membranes, energy storage, insulation, etc.
Atoms
- C, H, O, and sometimes S and
N, and P.
1. fatty acids
saturated, unsaturated & polyunsaturated
2. phospholipids
phospholipids
are very important to the structure of cell membranes
3. triglycerides
4.
steroids
a. cholesterol
c. testosterone
Proteins:
Also
called poly-amino acids (but this is not accurate) – many functions including
enzymes, active transport mechanisms, cell structure, etc.
Atoms:
C, H, O, and N
There
are no subcategories of proteins, here are four examples:
Hemoglobin:
found in blood - 146 amino acids long
Collagen:
found in skin – 1,055 amino acids long
Insulin
– hormone secreted by the pancreas – 51 amino acids long
Elastin
– found in skin – give it the ability to stretch. With aging, you lose this and your skin
begins to sag.
In
GC 1135 IÍll want you to know that collagen is an example ñlargeî protein, and
insulin is an example ñsmallî protein.
You do not have to know the number of amino acids in each protein.
There
are twenty different amino acids in the body, which combine to form many different
proteins.
Almost
all enzymes are proteins.
Key
term – ñdenaturedî
LipoProteins (Subcategory that combines lipids and proteins)
HDL - mis-named the "good cholesterol" -- it is really not cholesterol, but rather a molecule (lipoprotein moleucle) that carries cholesterol.
LDL
VLDL
Nucleic
Acids
Atoms: C, H, O, N and P
Used
for carrying genetic information from one generation to the next – they
carry the information needed to make proteins.
Nucleic
acids are made of nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, base).
There
are two major types of nucleic acid in your body:
1. DNA
(de oxy
ribo nucleic acid)
DNA is the genetic material that
is passed from
generation to generation.
2. RNA
(ribonucleic
acid)
DNA aids
in protein synthesis
All
nucleic acids have ñnitrogen basesî –
DNA
contains: adenine (A), cytosine
(C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
RNA
contains: adenine (A), cytosine
(C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)
Nucleic Acids were first
identified in the nucleus of a cell -
this fact relates to the origin of the name.
DNA is the genetic material
that moves from parents to kids. DNA
contains information for making proteins.
Extra:
Polymers and Monomers:
Proteins, polysaccharides,
and nucleic acids are all polymers with the following sub-units.
Polymer : Monomer
Protein: Amino acid
Polysaccharide: Monosaccharide
DNA: nucleotides
RNA: nucleotides
Two missing items:
Water is the most common molecule found in humans
ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) is an energy molecule
found in humans – but does not fit well into the above four categories.
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